How long can a temporary irrigation system for plants to be established remain on site and have the project still be able to achieve the credit?

The LEED-NC v2.2 requirements is for no more than 12 months. According to a LEED Reference Guide addendum from 7/19/2010, the time period was been increased from 12 months to 18 months for LEED 2009 projects, but USGBC has not altered the timeframe for pre-2009 projects.

Does installing artificial turf, pavers, or hardscape in place of landscape plantings improve your chances of getting the credit?

Although this may contribute to reducing irrigation demand, this does not help with achieving the credit, as landscaped area in the both the baseline and design case has to be the same. Although decreasing vegetated space may be a sensible option for some projects, it is not allowed to contribute to this credit. It would not match the intent of this and other credits for LEED to include an incentive to reduce vegetated area.

Can surface water, such as water from an irrigation ditch or a local creek, be used as nonpotable water?

No. This approach has been rejected by LEED reviewers, who state that these are potential sources of potable water and their use does not meet the credit intent. The LEED Reference Guide makes reference to groundwater in specifically allowing use of nuisance water that needs to be pumped away from the building—but other groundwater is not mentioned as compliant.

Can non-potable well water that is used for irrigation contribute to potable water reduction?

No, non-potable groundwater used for irrigation (other than nuisance groundwater, i.e. water pumped away from a foundation) is considered a potential potable source and would not count towards earning this credit. GBCI has upheld this rule even in cases where the local groundwater has mineral or other content that requires treatment before it can be potable.

What advertising lights or signs must comply with credit requirements and which are exempt?

Advertising and directional signage, as explained in Addendum i of ASHRAE 90.1-2007, and further defined in the Users Manual for ASHRAE 90.1-2007, is exempt.  Essentially, that means that internally illuminated advertising signs are exempt, but those illuminated by lighting that is not ‘integral’ to the signage itself must be included in the calculations.