Measurement and verification (M&V) involves recording actual energy use over the course of occupancy, and comparing that data with the estimated energy use seen in the design. The M&V process ensures all systems are performing as specified and identifies any anomalies in equipment, operations procedures or user habits. In addition, an M&V plan can help reduce energy costs, assist with commissioning, and, over time, document and improve the efficiencies of energy conservation measures.

M&V gives you a plan and a system to compare your project’s actual performance against design predictions. While M&V can also be applied to a variety of metrics including water use and indoor environmental quality, this credit focuses only on energy performance. To earn it, you’ll need to develop an M&V plan, install monitoring devices to carry out the plan, and also have steps in place for corrective action. The credit requirements don’t tell you exactly what systems to monitor—that depends on your mechanical system design and what equipment you have installed. In general, you are expected to monitor energy from all systems or components that will provide data points for end uses identified in the energy model and that will help in the recalibration of the model. 

What’s it cost?

The cost of M&V varies a lot. Added costs come from designing and installing specific monitoring systems, including adding multiple meters and wiring. The cost is higher in larger and more complex buildings or those with multiple uses. The cost premium will be lower if your project already plans to include a Building Management System (BMS) or submeters to record usage data. If your building is small with a minimum set of uses, and needs only few meters to meet the credit, an M&V system might also be relatively affordable.

For large buildings that have complex mechanical and electrical systems and that do not have a BMS, adding the equipment and systems needed to implement an M&V plan is likely to be cost-prohibitive. Some projects also find that Option B (see the Checklists tab) is particularly costly due to the requirements of added meters and wiring. 

Is it worth it?

Despite aiming high during design, LEED-certified buildings don’t always perform as well as expected. An M&V program will not only help building operators be aware of performance issues, it can locate the source of problems or poor assumptions, and provide a better overall understanding of the value of energy-saving strategies.

To make the investment worth it, the owner must be committed to developing and implementing the M&V plan, analyzing and understanding the building’s performance, and acting on the results. The cost premium of M&V installation and operation is typically offset by long-term energy savings, but this is highly dependent on the building type as well as the owner’s willingness to make needed changes and upgrades. This credit is more commonly implemented for larger commercial buildings than residential buildings since its cost benefits may not affect the developers directly. Residential buildings may also see less benefit because the building operator has little control over energy use by residents.

Who does it?

The “M&V provider” takes responsibility for developing the M&V plan. This role can be filled by the commissioning agent, energy modeler, mechanical engineer, project engineer, or a facilities manager.

What’s the standard?

The industry standard for M&V, both in the U.S. and internationally, is the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP), owned by the nonprofit Efficiency Valuation Organization. LEED has singled out Volume III of the IPMVP guidance as the basis of its requirements. Several organizations have published M&V guidelines based on IPMVP. Among them are ASHRAE, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), and some utilities and states that fund energy-efficiency projects. Some organizations with M&V standards offer guidance in writing M&V plans, including sample language. (See Resources for more information.)

Commonly metered systems

Although no specific metering is required for this credit, the following list outlines energy uses that are often included in the M&V plan (where applicable).

• Lighting and lighting controls
• Constant and Variable motors
• VFD Operations
• VFD power use
• Readings required for packaged equipment efficiency logging
• HVAC loads
• HVAC Systems, equipment, and controls
• Hydronic heating efficiency
• Domestic water heating efficiency
• Building-related process energy systems and equipment
• General water use
• Process water use
• Process Refrigeration
• Total Facility Gas usage metering
• Total Facility Electricity usage

Consider these questions:

• Does the local utility offer any rebates or incentives for a BMS or sub-metering?
• Are there any legal issues with third party sub-metering? Is third party sub-metering allowed by the local municipality or utility company?
• What is the cost increase associated with a BMS and M&V plan?
• Who will be the projects M&V provider (who will write the plan and perform the follow up tasks)? Who will train the operational staff to implement the M&V plan?
• Are there any issues or limitations to including M&V maintenance and recording as part of the operational staff scope?
• Would Option B or Option D be most appropriate for this project?
• Will a BMS be incorporated in the building design?
• What design constraints might be associated with including an M&V plan?
• What end uses / systems are part of the project? 
• How many sub-meters would the project need to measure each energy end-use? 
• If going for Option B, how many ECMs need to be isolated? 
• If going for Option D, will an energy model be developed for EAc1 anyway?
• What operational savings can the project team expect with an M&V plan?
• What type of corrective action would be best for the project?
• What is the level of precision desired for the M&V program?
• What other energy awareness and reduction strategies are being considered or implemented?  (Educational Display, Fault Detection Diagnostics, Commissioning, etc.)  These strategies may have many synergies with M&V.